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In the broadest sense, a
vicar (from the Latin
vicarius) is anyone acting "in the person of" or
wiktionary:agent for a superior (compare "vicarious"). In this sense, the title is comparable to
lieutenant. Usually the title appears in a number of Christianity ecclesia (sociology of religion) contexts, but in the Holy Roman Empire a local representative of the emperor, perhaps an
archduke, might be styled "vicar". "Representative" is the best definition of this word.
Catholic Church
In
Catholic Church Canon law (Catholic Church),
a vicar is the representative of any ecclesiastic. The roman empire had used the term to describe officials subordinate to the
praetorian prefects. In the early Christian churches,
bishops likewise had their vicars, such as the archdeacons and
archpriests, and also the rural priest, the
curate who had the
cure of all the souls outside the episcopal cities. The position of the Roman Catholic vicar as it evolved is sketched in the
Catholic Encyclopedia, 1908
The Pope uses the title
Vicarius Christi, meaning, the
vicar of Jesus Christ. The papacy first used this title in the eighth century; earlier they used the title
vicar of Saint Peter or vicarius principis apostolorum, the
vicar of the chief of the Twelve apostles.
Vicars have various different titles based on what role they are performing. An apostolic vicar is a bishop or priest who heads a Mission (Christian) particular church that is not yet ready to be a full diocese - he stands as the local representative of the Pope, in the Pope's role as bishop of all unorganized territories. A vicar capitular, who exercises authority in the place of the diocesan chapter, is a temporary
ordinary of a diocese during a
sede vacante period.
Vicars exercise authority as the agents of the bishop of the diocese. Most vicars, however, have
ordinary, which means that their agency is not by virtue of a delegation but is established by law. vicar general, episcopal vicars, and judicial vicars exercise vicarious ordinary power; they each exercise a portion of the power of the diocesan bishop (judicial for the judicial vicar, executive (government) for the others) by virtue of their office and not by virtue of a mandate.
A
vicar forane, also known as an archpriest or dean, is a priest entrusted by the bishop with a certain degree of leadership in a territorial division of a diocese or a pastoral region known as a vicarate forane or a deanery.
A parochial vicar is a priest assigned to a parish in addition to, and in collaboration with, the pastor of the parish. He exercises his ministry as an agent of the parish's pastor, who is termed
parochus in Latin.
Some
papal legates are honoured by the title
Vicar of the Apostolic See.
Eastern Orthodox
In the Russian Orthodox Church and some other non-Hellenic Eastern Orthodox Churches that historically follow Russian tradition vicar (
Russian language:
vikarij / викарий) is a term for what is known as
suffragan bishop in the
Anglican Communion or as auxiliary bishop in the
Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church. A vicar bishop usually bears in his title the names of both his titular see (usually, a smaller town within the diocese he ministers in) and the see he is subordinate to. For example, Bishop Ignaty Punin, the vicar bishop under the Diocese of Smolensk, is titled "The Rt. Rev. Ignaty, the bishop of
Vyazma, the vicar of the Diocese of Smolensk," Vyasma being a smaller town inside the territory of the Diocese of Smolensk. Normally, only large dioceses have vicar bishops, sometimes more than one. Usually, Russian Orthodox vicar bishops have no independent jurisdiction (even in their titular towns) and are subordinate to their diocesan bishops; though some of them
de facto may have jurisdiction over some territories, especially when there is a need to avoid an overlapping jurisdiction. In the Russian Orthodox Church, some vicar bishops are styled "
archbishops" or "
metropolitan bishops", but these titles are merely honorary.
In some other Eastern Orthodox Churches the term "chorbishop" is used instead of "vicar bishop".
==Anglican==In the
Church of England,
vicar is the ordinary title given to certain parish priests. Historically, Anglican parish clergymen were divided into rectors, vicars, and
perpetual curates. These were distinguished according to the way in which they were remunerated. The church was supported by
tithes — taxes (traditionally, as the etymology of
tithe suggests, of ten percent) levied on the agricultural output of the parish. These were divided into
greater tithes levied on wheat, hay and wood, and lesser tithes levied on the remainder. A rector received both greater and lesser tithes, a vicar the lesser tithes only. This was due to the fact that a Monastery was the Rector – and they supplied a Priest to act on their behalf (vicariously – hence ‘vicar’). A perpetual curate received no tithe income and was supported by the diocese. A perpetual curate was usually in charge of a newly created Parish carved out of a larger Rectoral or Vicarious Parish. In some cases a portion of the tithe income was given to support the Priest. The adjective
perpetual emphasises that such a clergyman enjoyed the same security of tenure as his more affluent peers. As all rectors, vicars and perpetual curates were personal representatives of the authority of the church in their parishes they were generally styled parsons. However, this title was used most often by perpetual curates more easily to distinguish them from
curate, who were not legally parsons. An Act of Parliament of 1868 permitted perpetual curates to style themselves vicars, and the term
parson rapidly lost popularity. The conjunction of this change with near-contemporaneous church reforms aimed at reducing the disparities of income among clergymen meant that the distinction between the grades of clergymen became progressively less relevant and remarked upon. Popularly, any member of the clergy is often referred to as
vicar, even when he or she does not legally hold such a post. In the past, a similar situation led to all clergy being popularly referred to as parsons.
Most parishes in England and Wales retain the historical title for their parish priest — rector or vicar — with vicar being more common in the Urban areas, due to the fact of an expansion of new Parishes being created in the Victorian years, and the Incumbents being styled 'Vicar' after 1868. The distinctions between the titles is now only historical. In the late twentieth century, a
priest shortage and the disparity of workload between parish clergy led to the development of a number of new forms of parish ministry. One of these, which has proved relatively effective, is the
Team ministry or
benefice. It might be that a number of parishes join together to form the
Team, and each parish retains its legal definition and independence. Rather than having clergy licensed to the individual parishes, a team of clergy are licensed to the entire
benefice. Alternatively, a large Parish with daughter Churches in addition to a Parish church, may be created as a Team Ministry.
In these examples, the more senior priest takes the title
Team Rector and serves as parish priest in the main parish, and one or more stipendiary, experienced priests serve as
Team Vicars (often installed into the other parishes, or Churches). Non-stipendiary clergy and assistant curates take other titles, often
Team Curate.
Team Rectors and Team Vicars are not perpetual Parish Priests, and as such do not possess the 'Freehold' but are licensed for a fixed term, known as 'Leasehold', usually seven years for a Team Rector, and five years for a Team Vicar.
In many other Anglican Communion
province (Anglican), the distinction between a vicar and a rector is different. In the
Church of Ireland and the Scottish Episcopal Church, most parish priests are rectors. In the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, a vicar is a priest in charge of a
Mission (Christian), that is, a congregation supported by its diocese, as opposed to a self-sustaining parish, which is headed by a rector.
See also
- Church of England#Organisation
Ulster
In early 17th century
Ulster every church had a vicar and a
parson instead of a co-arb and an
erenagh. The vicar, like the co-arb, was always in orders. He said the mass (‘serveth the cure’) and received a share of the tithes. The parson, like the erenagh, had a major portion of the tithes, maintained the church and provided hospitality. As he was not usually in clerical orders, his responsibilities were mainly temporal. However, there were differences in the divisions of the tithes between various dioceses in Tyrone. In the Diocese of Clogher, the vicar and the parson shared the tithes equally between them; in the Diocese of Derry, church income came from both tithes and the rental of church lands (‘temporalities’). The vicar and the parson each received one third of the tithes and paid an annual
tribute to the bishop. In places where there was no parson, the erenagh continued to receive two thirds of the income in kind from the church lands, and delivered the balance, after defraying maintenance, to the Bishop in cash as a yearly rental. In other places, the parson, the vicar and the erenagh shared the costs of church repairs equally between them. In the
Diocese of Armagh the parson received two-thirds of the tithes and the vicar one third. The archbishop and the erenagh impropriated no part thereof, presumably because they received the entire income from the termon lands. The division of responsibilities between vicar and parson seems to derive from a much earlier precedent established in the old Celtic Church of St Columcille.
Notable vicars
In either tradition, a vicar can be the priest of a "
chapel of ease", a church which is not a parish church. Non-resident canons led also to the institution of
vicars choral, eachcanon having his own vicar, who sat in his stall in his absence (see Cathedral).
Oliver Goldsmith's novel
The Vicar of Wakefield (1766) and the Barsetshire novels of Anthony Trollope, and in France Honoré de Balzac's
The Curate of Tours (
Le Curé de Tours) all evoke the impoverished world of the 18th and 19th century vicar, while the satiric ballad "
The Vicar of Bray" reveals the changes of conscience a vicar in Co. Wicklow might be forced through, in order to retain his meagre post, between the 1680s and 1720s. "The Curate of Ars-sur-Formans" (usually in French:
Le Curé d'Ars) is a style often used to refer to Saint Jean Vianney, a French parish priest canonized on account of his piety and simplicity of life.
Many English culture figures started life as the educated but impoverished son of a vicar:
Sir Francis Drake, Thomas Hobbes, John Henley, John Lightfoot,
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Adam Sedgwick, Cecil Rhodes, Nassau William Senior, or
Charles Kingsley, for some examples drawn from various intellectual fields. Robert Herrick (poet) was himself a vicar.
A popular British television series on
BBC depicts a fictional vicar in
The Vicar of Dibley.
Lutheran usage
In the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America,
Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod and the Lutheran Church - Canada, a vicar is a candidate for ordained pastoral ministry, serving in a vicariate or internship, usually in the third year of seminary training. Typically at the end of the year of vicarage, the candidate returns to seminary and completes a final year of studies. After being issued a Vocation or assignment, the candidate is
ordination as a
pastor in the ministry of Word and Sacrament. The role of a vicar in the Lutheran tradition is most comparable to that of a transitional deacon in the Anglican and Roman churches, except that Lutheran vicars are not ordained.
The title "Vikar," used in the Lutheran churches in Germany, is comparable.
External links
- The Catholic Encyclopedia: vicar
- The Vicar of Bray e-text
In the broadest sense, a
vicar (from the Latin
vicarius) is anyone acting "in the person of" or
wiktionary:agent for a superior (compare "vicarious"). In this sense, the title is comparable to
lieutenant. Usually the title appears in a number of
Christianity ecclesia (sociology of religion) contexts, but in the
Holy Roman Empire a local representative of the emperor, perhaps an
archduke, might be styled "vicar". "Representative" is the best definition of this word.
Catholic Church
In
Catholic Church Canon law (Catholic Church),
a vicar is the representative of any ecclesiastic. The
roman empire had used the term to describe officials subordinate to the praetorian prefects. In the early Christian churches,
bishops likewise had their vicars, such as the archdeacons and archpriests, and also the rural priest, the
curate who had the
cure of all the souls outside the episcopal cities. The position of the Roman Catholic vicar as it evolved is sketched in the
Catholic Encyclopedia, 1908
The Pope uses the title
Vicarius Christi, meaning, the
vicar of Jesus Christ. The papacy first used this title in the eighth century; earlier they used the title
vicar of Saint Peter or
vicarius principis apostolorum, the
vicar of the chief of the Twelve apostles.
Vicars have various different titles based on what role they are performing. An
apostolic vicar is a bishop or priest who heads a Mission (Christian)
particular church that is not yet ready to be a full diocese - he stands as the local representative of the Pope, in the Pope's role as bishop of all unorganized territories. A
vicar capitular, who exercises authority in the place of the diocesan chapter, is a temporary
ordinary of a diocese during a
sede vacante period.
Vicars exercise authority as the agents of the bishop of the diocese. Most vicars, however, have
ordinary, which means that their agency is not by virtue of a delegation but is established by law.
vicar general, episcopal vicars, and judicial vicars exercise vicarious ordinary power; they each exercise a portion of the power of the diocesan bishop (judicial for the judicial vicar,
executive (government) for the others) by virtue of their office and not by virtue of a mandate.
A vicar forane, also known as an archpriest or dean, is a priest entrusted by the bishop with a certain degree of leadership in a territorial division of a diocese or a pastoral region known as a vicarate forane or a deanery.
A parochial vicar is a priest assigned to a
parish in addition to, and in collaboration with, the pastor of the parish. He exercises his ministry as an agent of the parish's pastor, who is termed
parochus in Latin.
Some papal legates are honoured by the title
Vicar of the Apostolic See.
Eastern Orthodox
In the
Russian Orthodox Church and some other non-Hellenic Eastern Orthodox Churches that historically follow Russian tradition vicar (Russian language:
vikarij / викарий) is a term for what is known as suffragan bishop in the
Anglican Communion or as auxiliary bishop in the
Latin Rite of the
Roman Catholic Church. A vicar bishop usually bears in his title the names of both his titular see (usually, a smaller town within the diocese he ministers in) and the see he is subordinate to. For example, Bishop Ignaty Punin, the vicar bishop under the Diocese of Smolensk, is titled "The Rt. Rev. Ignaty, the bishop of Vyazma, the vicar of the Diocese of Smolensk," Vyasma being a smaller town inside the territory of the Diocese of Smolensk. Normally, only large dioceses have vicar bishops, sometimes more than one. Usually, Russian Orthodox vicar bishops have no independent jurisdiction (even in their titular towns) and are subordinate to their diocesan bishops; though some of them
de facto may have jurisdiction over some territories, especially when there is a need to avoid an overlapping jurisdiction. In the Russian Orthodox Church, some vicar bishops are styled "archbishops" or "metropolitan bishops", but these titles are merely honorary.
In some other Eastern Orthodox Churches the term "chorbishop" is used instead of "vicar bishop".
==Anglican==In the
Church of England,
vicar is the ordinary title given to certain parish priests. Historically, Anglican parish clergymen were divided into
rectors, vicars, and
perpetual curates. These were distinguished according to the way in which they were remunerated. The church was supported by
tithes — taxes (traditionally, as the etymology of
tithe suggests, of ten percent) levied on the agricultural output of the parish. These were divided into
greater tithes levied on wheat, hay and wood, and lesser tithes levied on the remainder. A rector received both greater and lesser tithes, a vicar the lesser tithes only. This was due to the fact that a Monastery was the Rector – and they supplied a Priest to act on their behalf (vicariously – hence ‘vicar’). A perpetual curate received no tithe income and was supported by the
diocese. A perpetual curate was usually in charge of a newly created Parish carved out of a larger Rectoral or Vicarious Parish. In some cases a portion of the tithe income was given to support the Priest. The adjective
perpetual emphasises that such a clergyman enjoyed the same security of tenure as his more affluent peers. As all rectors, vicars and perpetual curates were personal representatives of the authority of the church in their parishes they were generally styled parsons. However, this title was used most often by perpetual curates more easily to distinguish them from
curate, who were not legally parsons. An Act of Parliament of
1868 permitted perpetual curates to style themselves vicars, and the term
parson rapidly lost popularity. The conjunction of this change with near-contemporaneous church reforms aimed at reducing the disparities of income among clergymen meant that the distinction between the grades of clergymen became progressively less relevant and remarked upon. Popularly, any member of the clergy is often referred to as
vicar, even when he or she does not legally hold such a post. In the past, a similar situation led to all clergy being popularly referred to as parsons.
Most parishes in England and Wales retain the historical title for their parish priest — rector or vicar — with vicar being more common in the Urban areas, due to the fact of an expansion of new Parishes being created in the Victorian years, and the Incumbents being styled 'Vicar' after 1868. The distinctions between the titles is now only historical. In the late twentieth century, a
priest shortage and the disparity of workload between parish clergy led to the development of a number of new forms of parish ministry. One of these, which has proved relatively effective, is the
Team ministry or
benefice. It might be that a number of parishes join together to form the
Team, and each parish retains its legal definition and independence. Rather than having clergy licensed to the individual parishes, a team of clergy are licensed to the entire
benefice. Alternatively, a large Parish with daughter Churches in addition to a Parish church, may be created as a Team Ministry.
In these examples, the more senior priest takes the title
Team Rector and serves as parish priest in the main parish, and one or more
stipendiary, experienced priests serve as
Team Vicars (often installed into the other parishes, or Churches). Non-stipendiary clergy and assistant
curates take other titles, often
Team Curate.
Team Rectors and Team Vicars are not perpetual Parish Priests, and as such do not possess the 'Freehold' but are licensed for a fixed term, known as 'Leasehold', usually seven years for a Team Rector, and five years for a Team Vicar.
In many other Anglican Communion
province (Anglican), the distinction between a vicar and a rector is different. In the Church of Ireland and the
Scottish Episcopal Church, most parish priests are rectors. In the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, a vicar is a priest in charge of a
Mission (Christian), that is, a congregation supported by its diocese, as opposed to a self-sustaining parish, which is headed by a rector.
See also
- Church of England#Organisation
Ulster
In early 17th century
Ulster every church had a vicar and a
parson instead of a
co-arb and an erenagh. The vicar, like the co-arb, was always in orders. He said the mass (‘serveth the cure’) and received a share of the tithes. The parson, like the erenagh, had a major portion of the tithes, maintained the church and provided hospitality. As he was not usually in clerical orders, his responsibilities were mainly temporal. However, there were differences in the divisions of the tithes between various dioceses in Tyrone. In the
Diocese of Clogher, the vicar and the parson shared the tithes equally between them; in the
Diocese of Derry, church income came from both tithes and the rental of church lands (‘temporalities’). The vicar and the parson each received one third of the tithes and paid an annual
tribute to the bishop. In places where there was no parson, the erenagh continued to receive two thirds of the income in kind from the church lands, and delivered the balance, after defraying maintenance, to the Bishop in cash as a yearly rental. In other places, the parson, the vicar and the erenagh shared the costs of church repairs equally between them. In the Diocese of Armagh the parson received two-thirds of the tithes and the vicar one third. The archbishop and the erenagh impropriated no part thereof, presumably because they received the entire income from the termon lands. The division of responsibilities between vicar and parson seems to derive from a much earlier precedent established in the old Celtic Church of St Columcille.
Notable vicars
In either tradition, a vicar can be the priest of a "chapel of ease", a church which is not a parish church. Non-resident canons led also to the institution of
vicars choral, eachcanon having his own vicar, who sat in his stall in his absence (see Cathedral).
Oliver Goldsmith's novel
The Vicar of Wakefield (1766) and the Barsetshire novels of
Anthony Trollope, and in France
Honoré de Balzac's
The Curate of Tours (
Le Curé de Tours) all evoke the impoverished world of the 18th and 19th century vicar, while the satiric ballad "The Vicar of Bray" reveals the changes of conscience a vicar in Co. Wicklow might be forced through, in order to retain his meagre post, between the 1680s and 1720s. "The Curate of
Ars-sur-Formans" (usually in French:
Le Curé d'Ars) is a style often used to refer to Saint
Jean Vianney, a French parish priest canonized on account of his piety and simplicity of life.
Many English culture figures started life as the educated but impoverished son of a vicar: Sir Francis Drake, Thomas Hobbes,
John Henley, John Lightfoot, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Adam Sedgwick,
Cecil Rhodes, Nassau William Senior, or
Charles Kingsley, for some examples drawn from various intellectual fields.
Robert Herrick (poet) was himself a vicar.
A popular British television series on BBC depicts a fictional vicar in The Vicar of Dibley.
Lutheran usage
In the
Evangelical Lutheran Church in America,
Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod and the Lutheran Church - Canada, a vicar is a candidate for ordained pastoral ministry, serving in a vicariate or internship, usually in the third year of seminary training. Typically at the end of the year of vicarage, the candidate returns to seminary and completes a final year of studies. After being issued a
Vocation or assignment, the candidate is ordination as a
pastor in the ministry of Word and Sacrament. The role of a vicar in the Lutheran tradition is most comparable to that of a
transitional deacon in the Anglican and Roman churches, except that Lutheran vicars are not ordained.
The title "Vikar," used in the Lutheran churches in Germany, is comparable.
External links
- The Catholic Encyclopedia: vicar
- The Vicar of Bray e-text
BBC - Comedy - The Vicar of Dibley
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The Rocking Vicar
The Rocking Vicar - rock n roll war stories, discussions, trivia and more. ... News, views, questions, pictures, links, artwork, rumours, t shirts, haircuts - The Vicar wants them ...
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Vicar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In the broadest sense, a vicar (from the Latin vicarius) is anyone acting "in the person of" or agent for a superior (compare "vicarious"). In this sense, the title is comparable ...
The Vicar Of Dibley (Summary)
The Vicar Of Dibley (Summary) ... Summary When the ancient vicar of Dibley dies suddenly, the parishioners are surprised to find that the Bishop has appointed a woman as their new ...
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Tim Pestridge Vicar Pen & Ink It all started with a letter from a vicar in southern England compalining about a failed seatpost on a Brompton folding bike (he was a tall and ...
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THE VICAR: JAMES SPANNER. James was born in 1951 and grew up in Ealing. He worked as a laser engineer in Rugby before a spell in theological college (or 'vicar factory') and then ...
British Sitcom Guide - The Vicar of Dibley
A comprehensive guide to the hit British sitcom The Vicar of Dibley which starred Dawn French. ... Programme: The Vicar of Dibley: Broadcast: 1994 - 2007 (BBC1) Episodes: 20 (3 ...
